Tuesday, November 26, 2019

A Guide to Halloween Customs in Germany

A Guide to Halloween Customs in Germany Halloween, as we celebrate it commonly today, is not originally German. Yet many Germans embrace it. Others, especially those of the older generation, believe that Halloween is just American hype. Though the commercialism of Halloween does indeed stem from North America, the tradition and celebration itself had its origins in Europe.   Halloween has gained much popularity over the past few decades. In fact, this celebration now brings in an astounding 200 million euros a year, according to the Stuttgarter Zeitung, and it is the third most commercialized tradition after Christmas and Easter. The evidence is all there. Walk in some of the larger German department stores and easily find Halloween themed decorations to match your gruesome tastes. Or go to a costumed Halloween party offered by many nightclubs. Have children? Then read through some popular German family magazine on how to throw a terrific, ghoulish party for your kids, complete with bat and ghost treats. Why Germans Celebrate Halloween So how did Germans get so excited about Halloween? Naturally, the influence of American commercialism and media is key. Furthermore, the presence of American soldiers in the post-war WWII era helped bring about a familiarity of this tradition. Also, because of the cancellation of Fasching in Germany during the Gulf War, the push for Halloween and its associated commercial potential was an attempt to make up for Fasching’s financial loss, according to Fachgruppe Karneval  im  Deutschen Verband der Spielwarenindustrie. How You Trick-or-Treat in Germany Trick-or-treating is the aspect of Halloween that is the least observed in Germany and Austria. Only in large,  metropolitan cities of Germany will you see groups of children actually go door-to-door. They say, either Sà ¼ÃƒÅ¸es oder Saures or Sà ¼ÃƒÅ¸es, sonst gibts Saure as they collect treats from their neighbors. This is partly because just eleven days later, children traditionally to go door-to-door on St. Martinstag with their lanterns. They sing a song and then they are rewarded with baked goods and sweets.   What Costumes Germans Wear on Halloween Halloween specialty stores are increasingly popular in Germany. One interesting difference between Germany and North America with regard to costumes  is that the Germans tend to indulge in more scary outfits than Americans do. Even kids. Perhaps this is due to the many other opportunities throughout the year that children and adults get to dress up for different celebrations, such as Fasching and St. Martinstag that is just around the corner. Other Spooky Traditions in Germany October is also the time for other spooky happenings in Germany.   Haunted Castle: One of the largest and most popular Halloween venues in Germany is the 1,000-year-old fortress ruins in Darmstadt. Since the 1970s, it has been known as Burg Frankenstein and is a popular destination for gore aficionados.  Pumpkin Festival: By mid-October, you’ll see some carved out pumpkins on people’s doorsteps in the streets of Germany and Austria, though not as much as in North America. But what you will see and hear about is the famous pumpkin festival in Retz, Austria, near Vienna. It’s an entire weekend of fun, family-friendly entertainment, complete with an elaborate Halloween parade that includes floats.Reformationstag: Germany and Austria have another tradition on Oct. 31 that is actually centuries-long: Reformationstag. This a special day for Protestants to commemorate Martin Luther’s launch of the Reformation when he nailed those ninety-five theses to the Catholic castle church in Wittenberg, Germany. In celebration of Reforma tionstag and so that its not completely overshadowed by Halloween, Luther-Bonbons (candies) were created.

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Biography of Ernesto Che Guevara, Revolutionary Leader

Biography of Ernesto Che Guevara, Revolutionary Leader Ernesto Guevara de la Serna (June 14, 1928–October 9, 1967) was an Argentine physician and revolutionary who played a key role in the Cuban Revolution. He also served in the government of Cuba after the communist takeover before leaving Cuba to try to stir up rebellions in Africa and South America. He was captured and executed by Bolivian security forces in 1967. Today, he is considered by many to be a symbol of rebellion and idealism, while others see him as a murderer. Fast Facts: Ernesto Guevara de la Serna Known For: Key figure in the Cuban RevolutionAlso Known As: CheBorn: June 14, 1928 in Rosario,  Santa Fe province,  ArgentinaParents: Ernesto Guevara Lynch, Celia de la Serna y LlosaDied: October 9, 1967  in La Higuera,  Vallegrande,  BoliviaEducation: University of Buenos AiresPublished Works: The Motorcycle Diaries, Guerrilla Warfare, The African Dream, The Bolivian DiaryAwards and Honors:  Knight Grand Cross of the  Order of the Southern CrossSpouse(s): Hilda Gadea, Aleida March  Children: Hilda, Aleida, Camilo, Celia, ErnestoNotable Quote: If you tremble with indignation at every injustice, then you are a comrade of mine. Early Life Ernesto was born into a middle-class family in Rosario, Argentina. His family was somewhat aristocratic and could trace their lineage to the early days of Argentine settlement. The family moved around a great deal while Ernesto was young. He developed severe asthma early in life; the attacks were so bad that witnesses were occasionally scared for his life. He was determined to overcome his ailment, however, and was very active in his youth, playing rugby, swimming, and doing other physical activities. He also received an excellent education. Medicine In 1947, Ernesto moved to Buenos Aires to care for his elderly grandmother. She died shortly thereafter and he began medical school. Some believe he was driven to study medicine because of his inability to save his grandmother. He was a believer in the idea that a patients state of mind is as important as the medicine he or she is given. He remained very close to his mother and stayed fit through exercise, although his asthma continued to plague him. He decided to take a vacation and put his studies on hold. The Motorcycle Diaries At the end of 1951, Ernesto set off with his good friend Alberto Granado on a trip north through South America. For the first part of the trip, they had a Norton motorcycle, but it was in poor repair and had to be abandoned in Santiago. They traveled through Chile, Peru, Colombia, and Venezuela, where they parted ways. Ernesto continued to Miami and returned to Argentina from there. Ernesto kept notes during his trip, which he subsequently made into a book, The Motorcycle Diaries, which was made into an award-winning movie in 2004. The trip showed him the poverty and misery all throughout Latin America and he wanted to do something about it, even if he did not know what. Guatemala Ernesto returned to Argentina in 1953 and finished medical school. He left again almost immediately, however, heading up the western Andes and traveling through Chile, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia before reaching Central America. He eventually settled for a while in Guatemala, at the time experimenting with significant land reform under President Jacobo Arbenz. It was about this time that he acquired his nickname Che, an Argentine expression meaning (more or less) hey there. When the CIA overthrew Arbenz, Che tried to join a brigade and fight, but it was over too quickly. Che took refuge in the Argentine Embassy before securing safe passage to Mexico. Mexico and Fidel In Mexico, Che met and befriended Raà ºl Castro, one of the leaders in the assault on the Moncada Barracks in Cuba in 1953. Raà ºl soon introduced his new friend to his brother Fidel, leader of the 26th of July movement which sought to remove Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista from power. Che had been looking for a way to strike a blow against the imperialism of the United States that he had seen firsthand in Guatemala and elsewhere in Latin America; he eagerly signed on for the revolution, and Fidel was delighted to have a doctor. At this time, Che also became close friends with fellow revolutionary Camilo Cienfuegos. Transition to Cuba Che was one of 82 men who piled onto the yacht Granma in November 1956. The Granma, designed for only 12 passengers and loaded with supplies, gas, and weapons, barely made it to Cuba, arriving on December 2. Che and the others made for the mountains but were tracked down and attacked by security forces. Fewer than 20 of the original Granma soldiers made it into the mountains; the two Castros, Che, and Camilo were among them. Che had been wounded, shot during the skirmish. In the mountains, they settled in for a long guerrilla war, attacking government posts, releasing propaganda, and attracting new recruits. Che in the Revolution Che was an important player in the  Cuban Revolution, perhaps second only to Fidel Castro himself. Che was clever, dedicated, determined, and tough, though his asthma was a constant torture for him. He was promoted to  comandante  and given his own command. He saw to their training himself and indoctrinated his soldiers with communist beliefs. He was organized and demanded discipline and hard work from his men. He occasionally allowed foreign journalists to visit his camps and write about the revolution. Ches column was very active, participating in several engagements with the Cuban army in 1957 and 1958. Batistas Offensive In the summer of 1958, Batista sent large forces of soldiers into the mountains, seeking to round up and destroy the rebels once and for all. This strategy was a huge mistake and backfired badly. The rebels knew the mountains well and ran circles around the army. Many of the soldiers, demoralized, deserted or even switched sides. At the end of 1958, Castro decided it was time for the knockout punch. He sent three columns, one of which was Ches, into the heart of the country. Santa Clara Che was assigned to capture the strategic city of Santa Clara. On paper, it looked like suicide. There were some 2,500 federal troops there, with tanks and fortifications. Che himself only had roughly 300 ragged men, poorly armed and hungry. Morale was low among the Cuban soldiers, however, and the populace of Santa Clara mostly supported the rebels. Che arrived on December 28 and the fighting began. By December 31, the rebels controlled the police headquarters and the city but not the fortified barracks. The soldiers inside refused to fight or come out, and when Batista heard of Ches victory he decided the time had come to leave.  Santa Clara was the largest single battle of the Cuban Revolution  and the last straw for Batista. After the Revolution Che and the other rebels rode into Havana in triumph and began setting up a new government. Che, who had ordered the execution of several traitors during his days in the mountains, was assigned (along with Raà ºl) to round up, bring to trial, and execute former Batista officials. Che organized hundreds of trials of Batista cronies, most of them in the army or police forces. Most of these trials ended in a conviction and execution. The international community was outraged, but Che didnt care: he was a true believer in the Revolution and in communism. He felt that an example needed to be made of those who had supported tyranny. Government Posts As one of the few men truly trusted by  Fidel Castro, Che was kept very busy in post-Revolution Cuba. He was made the head of the Ministry of Industry and head of the Cuban Bank. Che was restless, however, and he took long trips abroad as a sort of ambassador of the revolution to improve Cubas international standing. During Ches time in governmental office, he oversaw the conversion of much of Cubas economy to communism. He was instrumental in cultivating the relationship between the  Soviet Union  and Cuba and had played a part in trying to bring Soviet missiles to Cuba. This, of course, was a major factor in the  Cuban Missile Crisis. Chà © the Revolutionary In 1965, Che decided he was not meant to be a government worker, even one in a high post. His calling was revolution, and he would go and spread it around the world. He disappeared from public life (leading to incorrect rumors about a strained relationship with Fidel) and began plans for bringing about revolutions in other nations. The communists believed that Africa was the weak link in the western capitalist/imperialist stranglehold on the world, so Che decided to head to the Congo to support a revolution there led by Laurent Dà ©sirà © Kabila. Congo When Che had left, Fidel read a letter to all of Cuba in which Che declared his intention to spread revolution, fighting imperialism wherever he could find it. Despite Ches revolutionary credentials and idealism, the Congo venture was a total fiasco. Kabila proved unreliable, Che and the other Cubans failed to duplicate the conditions of the Cuban Revolution, and a massive mercenary force led by South African Mad Mike Hoare was sent to root them out. Che wanted to remain and die fighting as a martyr, but his Cuban companions convinced him to escape. All in all, Che was in Congo for about nine months and he considered it one of his greatest failures. Bolivia Back in Cuba, Che wanted to try again for another communist revolution, this time in Argentina. Fidel and the others convinced him that he was more likely to succeed in Bolivia. Che went to Bolivia in 1966. From the start, this effort was also a fiasco. Che and the 50 or so Cubans who accompanied him were supposed to get support from clandestine communists in Bolivia, but they proved unreliable and possibly were the ones who betrayed him. He was also up against the CIA, which was in Bolivia training Bolivian officers in counterinsurgency techniques. It wasnt long before the CIA knew Che was in the country and began monitoring his communications. The End Che and his ragged band scored some early victories against the Bolivian army in mid-1967. In August, his men were caught by surprise and one-third of his force was wiped out in a firefight; by October, he was down to only about 20 men and had little in the way of food or supplies. By now, the Bolivian government had posted a $4,000 reward for information leading to Che. That was a lot of money in those days in rural Bolivia. By the first week of October, Bolivian security forces were closing in on Che and his rebels. Death On October 7, Che and his men stopped to rest in the Yuro ravine. Local peasants alerted the army, who moved in. A firefight broke out, killing some rebels, and Che himself was injured in the leg. On October 8, he was captured alive, allegedly shouting out to his captors I am Che Guevara and worth more to you alive than dead. The army and CIA officers interrogated him that night, but he did not have much information to give out. With his capture, the rebel movement he headed was essentially over. On October 9, the order was given, and Che was executed, shot by Sergeant Mario Tern of the Bolivian Army. Legacy Che Guevara had a huge impact on his world, not only as a major player in the Cuban Revolution but also afterward, when he tried to export the revolution to other nations. He achieved the martyrdom that he so desired, and in doing so he became a larger-than-life figure. Che is one of the most controversial figures of the 20th century. Many revere him, especially in Cuba, where his face is on the 3-peso note and every day schoolchildren vow to be like Che as part of a daily chant. Around the world, people wear t-shirts with his image on them, usually portraying a famous photo taken of Che in Cuba by photographer Alberto Korda (more than one person has noted the irony of hundreds of capitalists making money selling a famous image of a communist). His fans believe that he stood for freedom from imperialism, idealism, and a love for the common man and that he died for his beliefs. Many despise Che, however. They see him as a murderer for his time presiding over the execution of Batista supporters, criticize him as the representative of a failed communist ideology and deplore his handling of the Cuban economy. Around the world, people love or hate Che Guevara. Either way, they will not soon forget him. Sources Castaà ±eda, Jorge C.  Compaà ±ero: the Life and Death of Che Guevara. New York: Vintage Books, 1997.Coltman, Leycester.  The Real Fidel Castro.  New Haven and London: the Yale University Press, 2003.Sabsay, Fernando.  Protagonistas de Amà ©rica Latina, Vol. 2.  Buenos Aires: Editorial El Ateneo, 2006.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

The dark ages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The dark ages - Essay Example We will look at some of these inventions to see how they impacted on life and brought light to the dark ages. Ammad Ibn Musi al-Khwarizmi [780-850 AD] was a Persian mathetician, astronomer and geographer. He was born in Chorasmia in present day Iran. Later he studied maths and science at the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, Iraq. He is famous for writing the treatise "Kitab al-Jabr Wa l-Mugabala" which translates roughly as "The Book of Reasoning and Balancing† which introduced the first complete system of algebra to the world. Built on the roots of Greek and Hindu systems, the new algebraic order was a unifying system for rational numbers, irrational numbers and geometrical magnitudes. Al-Khwarizmi was also the first to introduce the concept of raising a number to a power. He also introduced the system of decimal positional to the Western world. His work focused on the solving of linear and quadratic equations which was the most comprehensible method of that time. Al-Khwarizmi did extensive work on geography; he compiled the book â€Å"The Image of the Earth† in which he gave more accurate coordinates and information on the Mediterranean sea, Africa and Asia which aided in better understanding these areas by providing their Longitudes and latitudes. He also assisted in determining the circumpherance of the earth. In astronomy he developed tables for the moon, sun and the five known planets of the time. These tables aided in the understanding of celestial movement and became the basis for other astronomers in the Western world. Alhazen was a physicist and mathetician who was Born in 965 AD in Basra which is in present day Iraq. He wrote over 200 books; however, his most famous work was the writing of The Book of Optics. This book dealt with all manner of vision related theories and experiments. For instance, he made a study of the passage of light rays through transparent mediums such as air and water, which led to the discovery of the laws of refractio n. He also dealt with the theories of physical phenomena such as shadows, eclipses and the rainbow. One such phenomenon, twilight, was researched and he established that twilight only begins and ends when the sun is 19 degrees below the horizon. This discovery helped him create other theories about the atmosphere. Alhazen was the first physician to properly describe the parts of the eye and give a scientific explanation on vision. He was the first to use camera obscura. He disproved the previous theory that rays of light are omitted from the eye which allows a person to see an object; rather, he proved that it is the opposite, light refracts off objects allowing the eye to visualise them. In mathematics he developed analytical geometry in which he established a link between algebra and geometry. Alhazen influenced many Western scientists such as Roger Bacon, John Pecham and Johannes Kepler. The asteroid 59239 Alhazen was named in his honour due to his contribution to the knowledge o f physics and mathematics. He died in 1040 AD. Abbas Ibn Firnas [810-887 AD] was an astronomer and poet who lived in the Emirate of Cordoba, in the Spanish region. He is mostly known for an early attempt at aviation. He designed a glider like mechanism which comprised of bird-like wings with feathers; although, it is said that his attempt at flight was somewhat successful, he greatly injured his back when landing. Some of his other inventions include the creation of a water clock, colorless glass,

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Health organization case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Health organization case study - Essay Example Currently, Banner health organization has come up with a strategic plan aimed at addressing issues of network growth, resource management, nurse staffing, and patient satisfaction (â€Å"Global Markets Direct,† 2008). Following the appearance of global environmental problems due to climate change, increased natural catastrophe and globalization, various diseases have emerged resulting to increased motility rate (Bui, 2010). This contributed to establishment of a health care organization called Banner Health system in United State, with the aim of addressing the health care needs of citizens even in decades to come. The organization provided hospital care, long-term care, emergency care, outpatient surgery centers, hospice, rehab services, labs, and pharmacies. Today, health issues for many American citizens have become more complex hence calling in for new and complex tactics as well. Banner health organization has therefore come up with a strategic plan, known as Medicare Advantage plan, which is meant for addressing the complexity of health care issues. Medicare Advantage plan has proposed establishment of several health clinic centers in the country in attempt to minimize health care problems and address patient satisfaction issue as well. Establishment of four Health-care clinics centers in East valley, have been proposed. Each of the clinic centers is expected to serve a whole family after suggesting that there will be plenty of laboratories and onsite imaging services as well as primary care doctors. According to the plan, families will be given extra options where these centers will offer extended evening and morning hour services, including Saturday mornings. The four clinic centers are expected to cost the organization approximately 45.2 million and be operational for both spring and summer of 2013. Taking into consideration of the economic perspective, the four centers will offer the most cost-effective care. These

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Sugar Trade Essay Example for Free

Sugar Trade Essay Many things helped drive the sugar trade. Demand, slavery, and climate played a major role in the driving of the sugar trade. Demand was greatly increasing throughout the years. The climate of the caribbean islands where cane sugar was grown. Slavery provided â€Å"free† work to produce sugar which in turn increased profits for the farmers. In England, sugar was not shipped there until the year 1317. But once the sugar was becoming a popular import, it boomed. Sugar consumption and import grew tremendously from 1700 to 1775. In 1700, Britain imported 280.7 sugar imports per 1000 cwts and each person consumed 4.6 pounds of sugar annually. These numbers increased by almost as much as 500% of imports and almost 400% of consumption. In 1770, 1,379.2 per 1000 cwts were imported to Britain and each person annually consumed 16.2 pounds of sugar. Sugar consumption equalled nearly 105 of overall food consumed for some families in England in the 1700s. After 1660, sugar imports exceeded the total imports of ALL the other imports coming into Britain. Slavery was probably the most important factor in the driving of the sugar trade. Slaves could be traded for common items that people on plantations had. This in turn could pretty much provide â€Å"free† labor in the production of sugar. If a plantation owner could have enough slaves to run the sugar farm, they could produce more profit and eliminate paid labor. in 1768, at a male slave’s peak price, they cost 41 British pounds. If a plantation owner needed say 100 people to farm and produce sugar, they would be spending roughly 4100 British pounds to have slaves do essentially â€Å"free† work then. If a plantation owner owner had to hire 100 workers and had to pay them 1 British pound a day, then in 41 days, they would be spending more money than they would have if they would have bought 100 slaves. So, slaves essentially paid for themselves in 41 days. After 41 days, production of sugar would be â€Å"free† for the plantation owners. Climate was also a key role in the sugar trade. Without the right climate, sugar cane would have to be produced further away therefore increasing the price of the import. Ideal climate for the production of sugar cane was a latitude range of 37 degrees north to 30 degrees south, a temperature range of 68 to 90 degrees, soil type of volcanic or alluvial with sand/silt/clay mix, and an average rainfall of 80 to 90 inches a year. The climate for the two caribbean islands that Britain received its sugar from was 18 degrees north latitude for Jamaica and 13 degrees north for Barbados, the temperature range for Jamaica was 68 to 86 degrees and 72 to 86 degrees in Barbados, the soil type was clay/silt/sand mix in Jamaica and clay and sand mix in Barbados, and the average rainfall was 77 inches in Jamaica and 60 inches (with considerable variety) in Barbados. The sugar trade was a very booming trade. Many things influenced this trade. We are still experiencing a major usage of sugar in todays world, with many of the same things influencing it, except for slavery. Machines took the place of the slaves.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Gun Controls Do Not Control Criminals Essay -- Argumentative Persuasiv

Gun Control Does Not Control Criminals    "A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed" (Bill of Rights, Article II). This seemingly simple phrase is probably the source of more debate and argument than any other single sentence in American history. The argument is not black and white, rather, it encompasses many shades of gray. At the one end of the spectrum you have the National Rifle Association (NRA) which currently views any type of gun control as an infraction against the Second Amendment of the Constitution ("What is the NRA" 1). At the other end of the spectrum you have groups like the Coalition to Stop Gun Violence (CSGV) and Handgun Control, Inc. seek to make most firearms accessible only to law enforcement and the military("CSGV" 1). In the middle there are organizations such as the American Firearms Association, who seek compromise regarding our rights (Lissabet, "Return" 2). Some organizations that one would expect to participate in this debate are noticeably quiet. One such group is the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). In "The ACLU on Gun Control", the national ACLU policy is neu trality (1). All factions in this debate have some merit, some more than others. All use a mixture of facts, figures, and emotions to express their views. I will be presenting some of their history, their views, and how they make their cases. The NRA is perhaps the most well known of the participants. They were formed after the Civil War, in 1871, as an organization dedicated to the rifle marksmanship of the state Militias. This was due to Union Army's lack of marksmanship. Following World War II, many returning veterans joi... ... Works Cited Cloud, David. "Anti-Gun Study Highlights Failure of Gun Control." Fundamental Baptist News Service 3 May 1996: 1 Lissabet, Ernest. "Anti-Federalism and the Second Amendment."   American Firearms Association WWW Site: http://www.firearms.org/afa/federal.html. Lissabet, Ernest. "The Return of the Old Guard."   American Firearms Association WWW Site: http://www.firearms.org/afa/return.html. "The ACLU on Gun Control." ACLU WWW Site: http://www.aclu.org/library/aaguns.html. "The Facts of Gun Violence_"   Coalition to Stop Gun Violence WWW Site: http://www.gunfree.inter.net/csgv/basicnfo.html. "What is the Coalition to Stop Gun Violence?" Coalition to Stop Gun Violence WWWSite: http://www.gunfree.inter.net/csgv/csgvsumm.html. "What is the NRA and how does it work?"   National Rifle Association WWW Site:http://www.nra.org/nra-precis.html.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Architectural Classification of Memorials

Categorization OF MEMORIALS Memorials can be classified into assorted ways. Significant points that form the footing of categorization can be identifies as:Scope of audiencePermanence of the stuffEvocationArchitectureScope OF ARCHITECTUREMemorials can be classified based on range of audience in the followers:Public MemorialPrivate MemorialMemory is of import to all human existences. All human existences preserve commemorations in assorted signifiers. Human existences member their family in the signifier of sedate narratives or Samadhi, etc. Persons of broad acclamation and known for of import workss are society commemorated by the society. This gives u two signifiers of commemorations depending on the audience the memorial references.Private Memorialsare limited to the smaller communities or smaller parts of the society, e.g. Thayillam household tower. Thayillam household tower is a tower recollection erected by the household at Ayroor small town in cardinal Travancore, Kerla. The 32-foot tower has the names of 268 ascendants of the household crossing nine coevalss get downing from 1600AD. Such commemorations are rare as media other than architecture for continuing private memory are more popular and widespread. THE Devising OF A MEMORIAL What does really do a commemoration? By the virtuousness of which qualities do we name a construction a memorial? Are these qualities a step of a construction being a commemoration and operation as one? There are two chief factors that go into the devising of a memorial. These are the emotional factors and the architectural factors. Apart from the emotional facets, it is the assorted architectural facets, which are of import in rendering a construction. If the audience is straight hit by the event or is straight related to the individual that the memorial commemorates the emotional factor becomes stronger than the architectural factor. However, the emotional factor diminishes or dies out with clip ( as coevalss pass ) whereas the architectural characteristics remain more lasting through clip. In public commemoration, the full society is the audience. Ideally, the commemoration should show the position of the full society and therefore should turn to the whole society. Besides the commemoration has to be dateless i.e. to state it should be able to arouse the feeling in all the coevalss that it survives and unrecorded beyond its’ epoch. This is where architecture plays its portion. Architecture becomes the medium of arousing the emotions attached to the event/person that the memorial commemorates. Though commemorations have a intent, they frequently play certain different or added functions excessively. They may non be merely a ocular statement in the urbanscape but besides a political and a historical statement. The undermentioned subdivision throws some visible radiation on the maps, functions, symbolism, and the architectural rules the commemorations are based on.FUNCTION OF A MEMORIALThe premier map of a commemoration is to mark an event or a individual. This can be done through assorted mediums – architecture, art, sculpture, Hagiographas, talks, etc. Commemoration of an event or a individual is a really big term and the Functions of assorted commemorations can be farther broken up into inside informations.Memorials are shapers of memoryMemorials celebrate triumphMemorials mourn deceaseMemorials pay testimonial or honorMemorials express feelingsMemorials maintan historyMemorials display powerMemorials symbolizeMemorials are frequently national symbolsLife of a memorial can frequently be divided into stages. The impact of the memorial diminishes with clip. When the commemoration is made to mark an event, which has occurred late it has the greatest impact possible. The impact of the memorial alterations ( diminishes normally ) with progressing clip, newer coevalss, alteration in sociopolitical order, civilization, and other facets. Over a period of clip commemorations become inert going more memorials, meager reminders of what happened in the yesteryear. The three basic sorts of commemorations are:Memorials marking a individualMemorials marking an eventMemorials marking an emotionThese classs can be farther divided identifiable types. These are:SITINGLocating w.r.t the metropolis cloth could be:Away FROM THE CITY FABRICOn the main road ( en path )In the natural milieus ( remote )WITHIN THE CITY FABRICEn path Junctional Termination PointApproachApproach could be evaluated based on:EntranceWell definedNot so good definedNot definedPATH CONFIGUARTIONAxialBi-axialCoilingIndirectRadialPositionDirectObliqueCoilingSequence of positionsPATH OBJECT – REALTIONPath object relationPath-goal relation ( Termination of way w.r.t end )SpaceORGANIZATION OF SPACESLinearCentralizedRadialClusteredSequence of SpacesBased on:Hierarchy of infinitesFlow of infinitesTransitional infinites and elementsSPATIAL RELATIONSHIPSpace within a infiniteInter-locking infinitesAdjacent infinitesSpaces linked by a common infiniteFormForm could be evaluated based on:COMPOSITION OF FORMAgreement of the basic signifiersNature of the signifier ( linear or subtractive )Configuration OF THE FORMRegular ( centroidal or linear )IrregularFORM SPACE RELATIONKind of enclosureImpact of signifier on infiniteSCALE & A ; PROPORTIONEvaluated on the footing of:COMPREHENSIBILITY OF THE SCALEHuman graduated tableMonumental graduated tablePROPORTIO NING SystemBeing of proportioning system and deduction if anySymbolismSymbolism IN MEMORIALSymbolic contentSymbolism OF MEMORIALSAssociated valuesCHANGING ValuessAssociated values at the clip of construct, when built, and in clipMeans OF CONVEYING MEANINGSIndicationExemplificationMetaphorical lookMediated MentionsROLES OF A MEMORIALMemorials play assorted functions in the society or the urbanscape. These assorted functions played by commemorations can be identified as:Memorials as a political statementMemorials as a historical statementMemorials as a landmarkMEMORIALS AS A POLITIICAL STATEMENTAcommemoration has ever been and is the first and the first mark of power. History is a informant to the fact that merely the mighty and rich have been commemorated in a large manner and have been the 1s behind those brilliant architectural manifestations. Memorials of any sort are an attempt to commemorate man- to be celebrated by the future coevalss as a cultural testimony. Anything – an object, an event of sheer religion – that is larger than life and has surer opportunities of endurance has ever fascinated human being and adult male has ever tried to tie in himself with such an object, event etc. in a monumental manner.–Miki Desai Man has ever tried to tie in himself with something ‘that is larger than life’ and therefore his attempts have been directed towards making lasting architecture. This is one of the implicit in causes of many commemorations that have been erected all throughout history. Memorials are more or less governed by their demand to be lasting. This fact has led to the huge usage of rock, which is arguably one of the long permanent stuffs available, for commemorations or for that affair of fact for any other signifier of architecture required being lasting. Frequently commemorations have been a agency of self-propagation. WhenBartolomeo Colleonidied, he left money to hold a statue of himself erected in the chief square at Venice. Apparently, unable to throw out the petition wholly, the swayers of Venice decreed that Thursday statue be placed in the second-best square.MEMORIAL AS A HISTORICAL STATEMENTMemorial grade history, are the mileposts of history. Therefore, history can ne'er melt off. As said earlier commemorations over a period become inert one time the epoch has passed. After this point of clip, the memorial becomes a mere historical milepost reminding the undermentioned coevalss. Often commemorations were made with the purpose of go forthing a grade behind for the approaching coevalss, to be remembered longer than merely the life-time – an effort to commemorate the individual. Memorials serve as reminder of history and the present and assist the new coevalss to larn from it.SITINGAny memorial demands to be decently sited. If the commemoration is non decently sited ( decently located and has an appropriate context ) it may be unable to hold any impact on its audience. Siting is adjusted with regard to the metropolis cloth. The commemoration may be sitedoff from the metropolis clothorwithin the metropolis clothwith each holding it’s the ain giving up. One of the all right illustrations of good siting is the great Sanchi Stupa. King Ashoka really strategically and intelligently sited this whole composite ( monasteries, temples, and tope ) . Sanchi hill was located on an of import crossing of route and river paths. Vidisha the ancient capital was merely 7 kilometres off and was strategically situated along a major trade path fall ining the Patliputra and the western coastal ports. Locating can be evaluated based on:Locating w.r.t City FabricWhich could be:Away from the metropolis clothWithin the metropolis clothAway FROM THE CITY FABRICThe memorial sited off from the metropolis cloth could be either of the followers:On the main road ( en path )In the natural milieus ( remote )Rajiv Gandhi commemoration which has been sited off from the metropolis cloth lies on the main road and therefore could be described en path. Devals of Badabagh ( Jaisalmer country ) could be described as a distant location, off in the natural milieus.WITHIN THE CTY FABRICThe commemoration sited within the metropolis cloth could be:En pathJunctionalTermination PointTheDandi Yatra Statuecould be described as a memorial sited en path within the metropolis cloth. India gate is a good illustration of a junctional siting while, the Jaipur column is a good illustration of expiration point.SymbolismSymbolism in commemorations can be explained as the symbolic content of the commemorations. The si gnifier, graduated table, stuff, motive or the entire agreement of signifier, infinite, attacks, landscape etc. in unison could be symbolic. Symbolism of commemorations on the other manus would be the perceptual experience of the commemoration in entirety by the audience it addresses. Every commemoration will stand for an thought or an emotion and could be associated with certain values and significances. Though significances may fluctuate from individual to individual, the indispensable value would stay reasonably much invariable. Valuess and significances of a commemoration of a commemoration could alter with passing of clip or with a displacement of power. Thus the commemoration may non be associated with same significances and values as it may hold been when it was built. For illustration, the Jaipur Column in New Delhi ( located inRashtrapati Bhawan forecourt )could be associated with Imperial regulation, but today with a displacement of power it stands simply as a commemoration which marked the edifice of New Delhi. It evokes a feeling of regard from the multitudes alternatively of a feeling of bitterness ( towards the British regulation ) , as it would hold been in the times when it was built.HOW DO MEMORIALS CONVEY MANINGSThere are different ways in which the commemorations may convey significances, which depends on the pick made by the interior decorator. The four different ways in which this can be done is:Denotation ( direct )Exemplification ( architecturally exemplifying )Metaphorical ExpressionMedi ated refrencesMemorials or parts of it may be frequently read literally or denoted straight. In the instance of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. for illustration significances are denoted by infusions from Lincoln’s Speeches Lincoln carved into its walls and by the presence of a big statue of Lincoln himself. Memorials frequently play up certain belongingss to derive attending. The method relies upon architectural techniques and rules. Uses of strong axis, monumental graduated table, making a sense of wonder utilizing the disposed media are some of the methods that could be used. Lincoln memorial uses a solid-void beat on its E fascade pulling attending to its centre and to the statue placed inside the edifice. A more common agencies of conveying the significance is its metaphoric look. Most of the commemorations make usage of this means. The Lincoln commemoration is treated as a sort of parallel temple, with Lincoln taking the topographic point of a classical divinity. In this instance the metaphor is missed, the method is rather literally carved onto the wall above the statue: IN THIS TEMPLE AS IN THE HEARTS OF THE PEOPLE†¦SymbolismSymbolism IN MEMORIALSBased on:Evaluation of the symbolic contentSymbolism OF MEMORIALSbased on:Interpretation of the commemoration in entiretyIdentifiable associated valuesCHANGING ValuessBased on:Associated values at the clip of construct ( interior decorators purpose )Associated values after the building has been builtAssociated values at the period of clipMeans OF CONVEYING MEANINGSIndicationExemplificationMetaphorical lookMediated mentionsDecision Memorials are an of import portion of a man’s society and urbanscape. They play an of import function architecturally, politically, historically and society. The premier map is to show and they do it subtly yet really efficaciously. Architecture plays an of import function in the look of the commemoration. The chief characteristics of the design of the commemoration are:LocatingApproachSpaceFormScaleSymbolismHow and where the commemoration is located is of import for the design of the commemoration. A commemoration is a strong ocular statement and therefore demands to pull attending so that it can convey what it stands for. This can be done in two possible ways – either bylocatingthe commemoration at astrategic locationwhere it is possibleforit to derive that attending or holding amonumental Scalupus erythematosussuch that the memorial makes a powerful ocular statement or in other words attains that character of monumentality. Ideally, it would be best for a commemorati on to hold a strategic location and have a expansive graduated table, but both scale neodymium siting can be used to complement each other. Often monumentality is attained ina a memorial by clearly insulating it from other options. Scaleis besides s DeviCeof meaning, a agency of denoting domination, power, or simpleness. Monumental graduated tables attempt tooverpower the visitantthrough the consequence can be underplayed by utilizing certain stuffs and other characteristics such as the landscape depending on the purpose. A simple human graduated table is more comprehensible for the visitant enabling him to associate to the commemoration. Passageis of import for the commemorations to do an impact on the visitore totals’ head and to deduce entire attending. This is done through attack, which act as transitional infinites that would let the visiotr to alter the frame of head. Often te whole infinite has a certainsequence of visual aspectwith identifiablepassage elements and infinites. Often commemorations are marked by apparent hierarchy and a gradual flow of infinites. Formsused for commemorations aresymbolic. Most of them over a period have been imbibed with certain significances,while there is besides an on-going procedure of introducing newer signifiers vested with significances. Forms like obelisks, triumphal arches, columns, statues are celebrated signifiers of commemorations. Architectural and art motions consequence in newer signifiers for commemorations. Abstract sculptures a newer signifier of commemorations came in usage after their usage in art since early 20Thursdaycentury. Most important factor of the design of a commemoration is itssymbolism,the really factor that makes it distinguishable from other pieces of architecture, symbolism is used to convey the emotions or other non-physical facets, which form the beginning of that peculiar commemoration. Symbolism is the unseeable synergistic portion of the commemoration. Symbolism in commemorations can be identified as built-in symbolism, which comes through the usage of signifier, graduated table, stuffs, location, orientation, etc. and non-inherent symbolism, which appears in signifier of messages on plaques or other media and are uually imbibed into the interior decorator. A memorial utilizations certain symbolswhich are frequently common and hold same significances for everyone e.g. the inveted rifle capped with a soldier’s hemet in the war commemorations indicates the unknown soldier. The commemoration may expose its symbolic facets in assorted ways. These could be adirect indication, architect urally illustratedor ametaphorical look. Design of the memorial reflects THvitamin Epurposeof te commemoration. Often commemorations are delusory and the seeable purpose of the commemoration is non its existent purpose. Sepulchral monumnets or commemorations honouringthe dead are frequently made by the succecors, bespeaking more frequently their authorization than the ritual to honour the dead predecessor. Memorials, in the yearss of the point of view and authorization of those in power on their multitudes. Today with democracy as the prevailing signifier of the political order in the universe and strong emotions of nantionalism among citizens, th commemorations excessively have changed their behaviour. They are frequently vested with involvements refering the whole the whole society than those few in the power. This is non to state that commemorations are non a agency of exposing authorization, but that there is a important alteration in their usage. In additon, there is a important relation between commemorations and poli tical relations. Th altering times have besides had an impact on commemorations. With the rapid urban agglomerations, commemorations have been made to come out and decorateour route intersections. This could be rated as a sight’degradation’ in the design of the memorialson one manus and as a agency to make up one's mind the importance of the commemorations on the other. As has been already discussed how of import it is for commemorations excessively have transitional infinites and elements, which create the certain atmosphere and the visitants, undergo an experience. The siting of te commemorations on traffic circles deficiencies this belongings. The experince is uncomplete as the passage clip is cut down phenomenally. Therefore, these commemorations become mere decorations of our urbanscpae devoid of their basic belongingss, which their opposite numbers possess. This tendency could be argued as a agencies of make up one's minding the importance of the commemorations, but that would be prejudiced and can non be entertained. Arguably, this tendency is non new in the urban design and has been followed throughout history, but it must be pointed out that th manners of tranport wer besides slower than todays’ .

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Pakistan Automobile Industry Essay

Automobile market is one of the largest segments in world trade. In a fast globalized world, this industry is facing huge challenges like cutting cost, upgrading models, improving fuel efficiency and enhancing customers comfort without compromising quality. I categories automobile industry of Pakistan in different phases. In first phase, automotive assembling of Bedford truck followed by ford perfect, ford Cortina and Dodge Dart started in 1950s in Pakistan. By the end on the 1970’s the assembling of vehicles came to a freeze due to the low quality value of locally produce vehicle parts but continued the assembling of Bed Ford trucks. By the end of 70s practically all assembling ceased in Pakistan. In 1983, second phase of automobile assembling started with the introduction of Suzuki FX 800 CC car. And with in six years Pak. Suzuki changed the model of FX 800 CC with Mehran 800 CC. Pak. Suzuki there after introduced Khyber 1000 CC and Margalla 1300 CC in 1992. But in more than ten years, level of participation in development was not significant. From 1993, Pak automobile industry moves toward development when Indus motors company Ltd. Karachi introduced Toyota Corolla and Honda atlas cars Ltd. , Lahore introduced Honda Civic having 1300 CC engine capacity. Smaller cars also introduced by Indus motors, Pak Suzuki and Deewan Farooq motors in 2000. I. e. Cuore 850 CC, Cultus 1000 CC, Santro hundai 1000 CC. Automobile industry in Pakistan can be broadly divided into following segments: †¢ Cars & Light Commercial Vehicles. †¢ Trucks and Buses. †¢ Tractors. †¢ Vendor Industry. It is the industry which operates under franchises and technical cooperation agreements with Japanese, European and Korean manufacturers. †¢ Two and Three Wheelers Public companies that are traded on Pakistani stock exchanges. Automobile assembler †¢ Ghandhara Industries †¢ Ghandhara Nissan †¢ Hinopak Motors †¢ Hyundai Motors. †¢ Indus Motors Company †¢ Master Motors †¢ Millat Tractors †¢ Pak Suzuki †¢ Sigma Motors †¢ Volvo Pakistan Limited †¢ Al-Ghazi Tractors †¢ Atlas Honda †¢ Dewan Farooque Motors (BMW Pakistan) †¢ Ghani Automobile Industries Pakistan Automobile industry at Present: The automobile industry has been strugglers ever since its creation. Although long time has past since its establishment, it has not been able to make a mark among the very stars of the automotive world. Although it has tried and made significant advancement towards the production of locally produced vehicles transfer of new technology has become a major weakness of the industry. Another reason for the low progress of the industry is due to the high cost of fuel in Pakistan. People have made adjustments to their vehicle by changing their fuel preferences from petrol to CNG, just to get by in their lives. The Pakistani industry has so far being unable to adopt the GLOBALLY GREEN notion and safety standards. Most cars in the country rely on dual fuel systems. Moreover Pakistani industry is still relying on car models which have long been stopped producing in other super power countries. Pak Suzuki has gained almost complete monopoly in the segment of producing small cars and faces almost no competition at all. The government policies and regulation of the state bank of Pakistan too contribute a great deal of being a wall between the Pakistani automobile industry and its success. By increasing the interest rate on car financing the industry has suffered a huge shift towards downfall. SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths: Increasing Demand for Cars: In Pakistan context there are 9 cars in 1,000 persons which is one of the lowest in the emerging economies which itself speaks of high potential of growth in the auto sector and more so in the car production. Rising per capita income with changing demographic distribution and an anticipated influx of 30 to 40 million young people in the economically active workforce in the next few years provides a stimulus to the industry to expand and grow. Resale of Local Assembled Cars: Resale of locally assembled cars is better due to availability of spare parts and after sales services and warranty Used imported cars have been selling below their cost at the showrooms for the last six months but consumers are not inclined to buy because of their low re-sale value and problems in parts availability. Quality of local cars Initially when the import of cars was liberalized the quality of local assembled cars was unsatisfactory so the people of high income level group started buying imported cars and the sales of the local assembled cars started decreasing so the local assemblers started enhancing the quality of their vehicles so we can say that the quality of local cars is becoming the strength of the auto industry. OEM: The local OEM of Pakistan is well equipped with enough advance technology and skilled labor to produce parts according to the desired quality of any foreign company. CNG kit The advantage of buying local assembled cars is that they comes with factory fitted CNG kits at the times when the prices of fuel rising at higher pace internationally. Mechanics: For local assembled cars mechanics are readily available in market and much cheaper so the buyer has not to worry about any problem that can occur in the car in long term whereas the availability for imported cars is a bigger issue for the owners and if somehow they are able to find one then the mechanics charges much higher than actually it should be charged. Weakness: WTO—Deletion program: THE World Trade Organization (WTO) has rejected Pakistan’s request for the extension of the deletion program which enabled it to lay down the condition of the local content requirement (LCR). Under LCR, the automobile and other engineering industry was required to use locally manufactured parts and accessories in terms of government’s deletion policy. The condition of the LCR was an aberration to the Clause 5. 2 of the WTO Agreement on Trade Related Investment Measures (TRIMs), Article III–-National Treatment under the GATT, 1994. WTO’s decision for not extending its deletion program / LCR condition has varied impact on Pakistan’s vendor industry, automobile assemblers, car users and the government. Input Cost In Pakistan as the inflation is increasing so as the input costs and for manufacturers it is becoming harder to produce at lower cost. Increasing cost of energy and its unreliable and inconsistent supply adds up the cost of manufacturing and wastage of resources. It is estimated that by the year 2012, auto industry consumption of electricity will cross 500 – 600 MW from around 250 – 300 MW, as of now. Protection level: Before the TBS was introduced the auto industry was well protected by the government but now as the import of CKD and CBU is liberalized the protection level to industry by government is decreased. Lack of skilled manpower for modern machinery In Pakistan conventional machines are not able to meet the precision manufacturing and the available labor is not familiar with modern technology it caused by lack of coordination and linkages with Government/Semi Government Supporting Bodies and Technical Training Institutes. Scarcity of raw material especially steel Through previous years the world prices are rising and causing costly inputs and Pakistan has left with scarce Steel and Iron left, so manufacturers are facing difficulties in producing cars with low prices. Opportunities: Import German technology and skills EDB wanted to build a Pakistan-German automotive supply network, providing opportunities to Pakistani automotive vendor enterprises to benefit from the German know-how and technology to improve quality, productivity, developing and marketing of value-added products. Foreign Investment and setup production facilities China National Heavy Duty Truck Corporation (CNHDTC), one of the largest heavy duty truck manufacturers in China, has shown interest for investment in the automobile sector of Pakistan. The study is required to attract players from Germany as well as from other countries to develop business with the Pakistani counterparts. Baggase Fuel As the fuel prices are rising in world Pakistan should switch to Ethanol Fuel as Brazil is using. Ethanol Fuel is produced by Molasses. Pakistan is one of the country which produces good quantity of molasses but the engines of the local cars do not support ethanol so Pakistan should acquire the Technology to produce ethanol compatible cars. In Brazil they use 90% Ethanol and 10% petroleum whereas Pakistani cars with default engines can afford only 3% Ethanol. Global spare part market The annual gross sales turnover of the auto industry, at present, stands at Rs210 billion while export of auto parts are estimated at $35 million. As such, the increase in production turnover is projected to increase by 185 per cent while the exports of auto parts would make quantum jump. Threats: WTO—Parts indigenization Smuggling of auto parts The auto industry is generally faced by multiplicity of taxes; the presumptive tax regime has led to increase in prices of imported inputs and the finished goods. Component manufacturers are struggling to compete with under-invoicing, miss declaration and smuggling. Import of used parts is still continuing at a large scale. Smuggling, under-invoicing and dumping of auto parts. Competition from import cars Auto industry is facing a threat from the import of cars which is already liberalized further it is said that government will cut about 15% of duties till 2011 Fuel prices According to the authorities the fuel prices which currently are Rs 68. 8 and are going to increase by more Rs. 6 by the end of 3-Jun-08. Decreasing tariff structure: For localized parts of CKD cars, the tariff would reduce from 50 per cent to 45 per cent in 2008-09 and further to 35 per cent in the next two years. The tariff for CKD non-localized parts would be reduced from 35 per cent to 32. 5 per cent in 2007-08 and would keep on decline by 2. 5 per cent every year to 25 per cent in 2010-11. The rate for CBU cars up to 1500cc, the tariff would be reduced from 50 per cent to zero next year (2007-08) and to be kept at that level thereafter. For CBU cars between 1500-1800cc, the current rate of 65 per cent would be reduced at the rate of five per cent annually to 50 per cent by 2010-11. For CBU cars exceeding 1800cc, the applicable rate of 75 per cent would be reduced at the rate of five per cent per annum to 50 per cent in 2010-11. For LCVs, the tariff on CKD kits would be reduced from 20 per cent to 15 per cent at the rate of one per cent every year. However, the tariff for CBU LCVs, the rate would be reduced from 60 per cent to 50 per cent in a phased manner by 2010-11. For two-wheelers, the tariff on CKD kits would be reduced from existing 30 per cent to 20 per cent in phased manner to 2010-1. Similarly, the tariff on CBU two wheelers would reduce to 60 per cent by 2010-11 from existing rate of 90 per cent. For localised CKD parts of tractors and heavy commercial vehicles, the existing tariff of 35 per cent has been proposed to be reduced to 25 per cent in 2010-11. For prime movers (up to 280 HP) the tariff for CKD would be reduced from 10 per cent to five per cent next year and then kept at that level onwards. Similarly, the tariff for CBUs would be reduced to 25 per cent next year and then kept at that level for the next five years. The tariff for prime movers (above 280HP) and would remain unchanged, while it would be reduced for trucks from 10 to five per cent and from 30 to 25 per cent next year.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Equine strangles Essay Example

Equine strangles Essay Example Equine strangles Essay Equine strangles Essay Equine equine distempers is caused byStreptococcus equiracesequi(S. equi) , a Lancefield group C bacteria. It’s an obligate pathogen of the upper respiratory piece of land of the Equus caballus and is characterised by contagious suppurative lymphadenopathy of the caput and cervix ( Jorm et al. 1994 ) .S. equihas the ability to set up sub-clinical relentless infection, peculiarly in the croaky pouches of retrieving Equus caballuss. Its inability to last in the environment lends itself good to command and obliteration, foregrounding the importance of these persistently septic Equus caballuss in the epidemiology of the disease ( Newton et al. 1997 ) . An eruption of equine distempers on a bilious pace can be complex. Successful disease containment is frequently extremely debatable and confounded by multiple non-veterinary factors. In July 2014 a instance of equine distempers was diagnosed at a big livery pace by a neighbouring pattern. Clients on the pace used three different veterinary patterns between them doing communicating vital in pull offing the eruption. A new add-on to the pace is the presumed cause of the eruption in a naive herd. The index instance presented with mucopurulent nasal discharge, lymphadenopathy and an acute-onset febrility, 39.0Oc. In the first hebdomad following diagnosing six of the seven in contacts became pyrexic ; runing from 38.9-40.0Oc. Two of these six developed sore throat but no Equus caballuss in this eruption developed abscessation. Anorexia and dysphagia may happen due to lymph node compaction on the pharynx or secondary to pharyngitis ( Sweeney et al. 2005 ) . Complications are uncommon but include metastatic infection, pupura haemorrhagica, myositis and seldom glomerulonephritis, myocardial inflammation or agalactosis ( Sweeney et al. 1987 ) . S. equiinfection is acquired via the unwritten or rhinal path through contaminated vehicles ; pails, H2O troughs, custodies, and tack for illustration. It adheres to the nasopharynx for a transeunt period before occupying the tonsillar crypts and come ining into the lymph nodes of the caput and cervix ( Timoney, 1993 ) . Within the lymph nodes neutrophils effort to phagocytose the bacteriums nevertheless it is peculiarly immune due to its antiphagocytic M-protein, hyaluronic acid capsule and leukocidal toxin. This uneffective immune response leads to a rise in organic structure temperature, which is of import to supervise.S. equimultiplies within the lymph node and becomes surrounded by pervert neutrophils, which cause abscessation. This can tear either externally through the tegument or internally through the respiratory mucous membrane into the croaky pouches ( Newton et al. 1997 ) . If pussy stuff persists feasible bacteriums becomes entrapped by proteinacious chondroids. This can stay soundless taking to intermittent casting and inter-epizootic care of the disease ( Newton et al. 1997 ; Sweeney et Al. 2005 ) . Nasal casting occurs 2-3days after the oncoming of febrility and continues for 2-3 hebdomads in most instances, it can nevertheless prevail for months to old ages, peculiarly when croaky pouch infection is present ( Newton et al. 1997 ) . Following the initial veterinary scrutiny of the index instance the pace was put under a no motion policy. Rectal temperatures were taken twice daily on all Equus caballuss leting isolation of instances at oncoming of febrility, prior to casting of the bacteriums to cut down farther spread of disease ( Sweeney et al. 2005 ) . In this instance three distinguishable zones were created: Equus caballuss presumed septic and demoing clinical marks in the ruddy zone ; Equus caballuss holding had direct and indirect contact with septic Equus caballuss without clinical marks in the gold zone ; and Equus caballuss holding had neither direct or indirect contact and have non shown clinical marks in the green zone. This followed The Animal Health Trust STEPS guidelines. In this instance the ruddy Equus caballuss were stabled and the gold and green Equus caballuss were in stray paddocks. Any Equus caballuss in the gold or green group that showed a rise in rectal temperature were moved into the ruddy zone. Strict hygiene and disinfection protocols were advised. Owners of Equus caballuss in the ruddy zone were instructed to have on protective overalls at all times, use the pes dip provided and wear latex baseball mitts ( Sweeney et al. 2005 ) . Owners in the gold zone wore protective vesture or changed vesture prior to sing other Equus caballuss. Colour cryptography of utensils was utile to forestall sharing and hence indirect spread. Infected Equus caballuss besides had their ain H2O supply, which was cleaned and disinfected daily, following the AHT ( 2014 ) guidelines. Disinfectant used in these instances should be approved by DEFRA for general intent under the Diseases of Animals Order 1978 ; Virkon S an sanctioned germicide was used ( DEFRA, 2014 ; AHT, 2014 ) . Environmental continuity ofS. equiis hapless, nevertheless farther surveies are required to measure continuity of purulent discharges under field conditions ( Sweeney et al. 2005 ) Diagnostic proving for equine distempers comprises direct sensing of the presence of the bacteria itself via civilization or polymerase concatenation reaction ( PCR ) , or indirect sensing of a specific antibody response to that agent ( Durham, 2013 ) . Low-bacterial casting due to the phase of the disease, disparity in trying method and the trouble in insulating settlements in the presence of other bacteriums creates inaccuracies in corroborating presence of the disease ( Artiushin and Timoney, 1997 ; Dalgleish et Al, 1993 ) . In this instance a positive civilization and PCR from the nasopharyngeal swab ( NP ) confirmed activeS. equiinfection. Microbiological testing is needed to corroborate presence of the being. Culture of NP swabs does non normally insulate the pathogen due to its transeunt colonization of the nasopharynx. Despite 5 NP swabs fulfilling HBLB Code of Practice guidelines for set uping freedom from disease, Newton et Al ( 1997 ) is dubious of its diagnostic value. A positive consequence nevertheless does corroborate presence of the bacteriums. PCR detects the Deoxyribonucleic acid of the antiphagocytic protein of the bacteriums. Although PCR has dramatically improved sensing ofS. equiin clinical samples, it should be still be used aboard standard civilization ( Newton et al. 2000 ) . The most dependable equine distempers serology available is an check that targets the immune responses against the N-terminal of Antigen A and Antigen C developed by The Animal Health Trust ( Robinson et al, 2013 ) . From initial exposure there is a hold of two hebdomads before a noticeable seroconversion is seen. Therefore a negative consequence should be repeated 2-3weeks subsequently in instances that may hold been exposed ; serology indicates exposure merely and can non separate this from current infection or exposure in the last 6months ( Durham, 2013 ) . Horses in the ruddy zone had both croaky pouches examined for pussy stuff and a lavage sample taken 30days after the last clinical marks were seen. The samples were submitted for civilization, PCR and cytology. Those Equus caballuss in the green and brownish-yellow groups underwent serological testing at this 30day period to corroborate freedom from disease. Horses showing an elevated antibody titer were moved to the ruddy zone. Of the six Equus caballuss in the ruddy zone sampled two were PCR and civilization positive at the 30day grade. Harmonizing to Durham ( 2013 ) glade of infection in acute instances is a slow procedure and hence proving for relentless infection shouldn’t occur for at least 5-6 hebdomads. However HBLB guidelines advise proving 30days after the last clinical marks are seen, which was utilised in this instance. Determining when to try is hard due to the tradeoff between declaring freedom from disease Oklahoman and happening a proportion of convalescent Equus caballuss go oning to harborS. equi,that if left thirster would hold cleared the infection of course ( Durham, 2013 ) . Appropriate intervention is dependent on the phase and badness of disease. Most instances are managed with diagnostic and supportive intervention. Nutrition and hydration are of peculiar importance in dysphagic Equus caballuss ( Sweeney et al. 2005 ) . Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories can be used to cut down febrility and hurting associated with lymphadenitis and sore throat to promote feeding and imbibing ( Sweeney et al. 2005 ) . Attempts should be made to promote rupture of the affected lymph node leting drainage and blushing with dilute povidone I ( Sweeney et al. 2005 ) . When croaky pouches contain pussy stuff, voluminous lavage should be performed to forestall chondroid formation. Antimicrobial therapy remains controversial. Treatment at the oncoming of febrility can forestall infection nevertheless this prevents development of unsusceptibility. Once abscesses have ruptured antimicrobic therapy is unneeded and may protract the class of the disease. Penicillin, the disinfectant of pick is systematically sensitive and is indicated for disease complications such as terrible anorexia and relentless febrility despite NSAID therapy. ( Sweeney et al. 2005 ) . 6000mg Procaine penicillin was administered locally within the croaky pouches in all the ruddy zone Equus caballuss. This allows high concentrations to be reached to forestall croaky pouch empyema and chronic bearers ( Sweeney et al. 2005 ) In this instance new quarantine processs were implemented to forestall future eruptions. Any new Equus caballuss come ining the pace are to be quarantined for 3-4 hebdomads. Serologic testing will be used to measure low hazard Equus caballuss come ining the pace during this period with a follow up sample 2-3 hebdomads subsequently before leting commixture. All positive consequences at the 2nd trial will be followed by a croaky pouch wash to find between current or historical infection ( Durham, 2013 ) . Solid unsusceptibility develops in most Equus caballuss following recovery from equine distempers ; this persists in over 75 % of animate beings for 5years or longer ( Hamlen et al. 1994 ) . This indicates that if specific immunizing agents are used in a vaccinum a high degree of unsusceptibility is possible. However despite a accredited live attenuated vaccinum being available in the UK, take up has been hapless. The vaccinum is intended for Equus caballuss at hazard of exposure and aims to cut down the badness of clinical marks nevertheless it can non forestall the disease wholly. As the vaccinum strain contains the same familial stuff as deadly strains ofS. equi, positive diagnostic consequences do occur ; this can non be differentiated from natural infection. As is the instance it’s of import to execute serology prior to inoculation ( Sweeney et al. 2005 ) . Bibliography Animal Health Trust. ( 2014 ) . Scheme to Eradicate and Prevent Strangles [ online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aht.org.uk/strangles.org/pdf/steps.pdf [ Accessed 12 Nov. 2014 ] . Artiushin, S. , Timoney, J.F. ( 1997 ) . PCR for sensing ofStreptococcus equi. Progresss in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 418, pp359–361. Dalgleish, R. , Love, S. , Pirie, H. , Pirie, M. , Taylor, D. and Wright, N. ( 1993 ) . An eruption of equine distempers in immature ponies. Veterinary Record, 132 ( 21 ) , pp.528-531. DEFRA, ( 2014 ) .Defra, UK Disinfectants. [ on-line ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //disinfectants.defra.gov.uk/ [ Accessed 20 Nov. 2014 ] . Durham, A, E. , ( 2013 ) . Avoiding the booby traps and doing the most of the diagnostic trials for equine distempers. Livestock, [ e-journal ] 18 ( 6 ) , Available through: Liverpool University Library website hypertext transfer protocol: //www.liv.ac.uk/library/ [ Accessed 16 October 2014 ] . Hamlen, H. J. , Timoney, J.F. and Bell, R. J. ( 1994 ) . Epidemiologic and immunologic features ofStreptococcus equiinfection in foals. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 204, pp768-775 Horserace Betting Levy Board. ( 2014 ) .Code Of Practice: Equine distempers. [ on-line ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //codes.hblb.org.uk/index.php/page/99 [ Accessed 13 Nov. 2014 ] . Jorm, L. , Love, D. , Bailey, G. , McKay, G. and Briscoe, D. ( 1994 ) . Familial construction of populations of ?-haemolytic Lancefield group C streptococcus from Equus caballuss and their association with disease. Research in Veterinary Science, 57 ( 3 ) , pp.292-299. Lindahl, S. , Baverud, V. , Egenvall, A. , Aspan, A. and Pringle, J. ( 2013 ) . Comparison of Sampling Sites and Laboratory Diagnostic Trials forS. equisubsp.equiin Horses from Confirmed Strangles Outbreaks. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 27 ( 3 ) , pp.542-547. Newton, J.R. , Wood, J.L. , Dunn, K.A. , DeBrauwere, M.N. and Chanter, N. ( 1997 ) . Naturally happening persistent and symptomless infection of the croaky pouches of Equus caballuss withStreptococcus equi. Veterinary Record,140, pp84-90 Newton, J. , Verheyen, K. , Talbot, N. , Timoney, J. , Wood, J. , Lakhani, K. and Chanter, N. ( 2000 ) . Control of equine distempers eruptions by isolation of croaky pouch bearers identified utilizing PCR and civilization ofStreptococcus equi. Equine Veterinary Journal, 32 ( 6 ) , pp.515-526. Robinson, C. , Steward, K. F. , Potts, N. , ( 2013 ) Uniting two serological checks optimises sensitiveness and specificity for the designation ofStreptococcus equisubsp. equiexposure. Veterinary Journal, 197, pp188-91 Sweeney, C. R. , Timoney, J. F. , Newton, J. R. and Hines, M. T. ( 2005 ) .Streptococcus equiInfections in Horses: guidelines for intervention, control, and bar of equine distempers. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 19, pp123-134. Sweeney, C.R. , Whitlock, R.H. , Meirs, D.A. , Whitehead, S.C and Barningham, S.O ( 1987 ) Complications associated withStreptococcus equiinfection on a Equus caballus farm, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 191, pp1446-1448 Timoney, J.F. ( 1993 ) Strangles. Vet. Clin. N. Am. : Equine Pract. 9, pp365-374 Timoney, J. and Kumar, P. ( 2008 ) . Early pathogenesis of equidStreptococcus equiinfection ( equine distempers ) . Equine Veterinary Journal, 40 ( 7 ) , pp.637-642. Waller, S, A. , 2013. Equine distempers: Taking stairss towards obliteration. Veterinary Microbiology, 29 November, 167 ( 1-2 ) pp50-60 Webb, K. , Barker, C. , Harrison, T. , Heather, Z. , Steward, K.F. , Robinson, C. , Newton, J.R. , Waller, A.S. , ( 2013 ) Detection ofStreptococcus equiracesequiutilizing a ternary qPCR check. Veterinary Journal, 195, pp300-304 Scheme to eliminate an ( STEPS ) Edited By Ben Adler, Wim Gaastra, James Gilkerson, Klaus Osterrieder, Stefan Schwarz and Uwe Truyen

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

How to Become a Paraprofessional

How to Become a Paraprofessional When you think of a classroom, you may think of one teacher at the head of the class, working with a group of students. What you may not consider is that many classrooms have another adult there, helping students learn- a paraprofessional, or teaching assistant.What Does a Paraprofessional Educator Do?Paraprofessionals are an essential part of the education system- think of them as classroom all-stars. They may work closely with teachers on general classroom lessons or tasks, or work one-on-one with students who have special needs or disabilities. Paraprofessionals can be found in elementary schools, secondary schools, or daycare facilities. Their tasks may include:Assisting teachers with lessons or classroom activitiesAssisting teachers with paperworkHelping teachers with lesson planningPreparing classroom equipment or technologyWorking with students who need individualized attention in the classroomSupplementing classroom lessons with additional guidance or activitiesTutoring stude nts who need extra helpMonitoring student behavior both in the classroom and at school activitiesAssisting students who have special physical needs (lifting, feeding, moving)Processing homeworkTaking classroom attendanceParaprofessionals may also choose to specialize. For example, some paraprofessionals work in school libraries/media centers. Some are assigned to specific classrooms. Some work exclusively with special education students. Paraprofessionals can be found in all types of schools, plus childcare facilities as well.What Skills Do Paraprofessional Educators Have?Paraprofessional educators need many of the same skill sets that any teacher would need, given that they work directly with students in an educational setting. These are some of the most crucial skills you’d need to have as a paraprofessional:They Like KIdsThis may seem like a no-brainer, but if you don’t like kids, or have trouble relating to them, this would be a very challenging career path. Patien ce is a major asset for anyone working with students.Theyre Team PlayersParaprofessionals are part of a squad of teachers, administrators, and support staff who help educate students. Knowing how to work as part of a team to maintain students’ best interests is essential.Theyre Great CommunicatorsParaprofessionals may be called upon to teach new concepts to kids, or translate information so that a student can learn and understand. Paraprofessionals may also be in the position of having to interpret what a student is trying to say, so listening skills are key as well. Because paraprofessionals will need to communicate with students, teachers, administrators, and possibly parents/guardians, the ability to communicate clearly and articulately is a major part of the job.Theyre OrganizedIf you’ve ever been in a classroom, you may have noticed that good organization can be the difference between a calm learning environment and chaos that distracts everyone from the tasks at hand. As a paraprofessional, you should have a good sense of organization when it comes to recordkeeping and classroom behavior.Theyre Good TeachersParaprofessionals are often assistants and helpers, but they are also educators. As an educator, you should have the ability to teach information to students of varying abilities and learning styles.What Education Do Paraprofessionals Need?Paraprofessionals can usually get started in the field without a four-year college degree, but it helps to have completed some college courses or an Associate’s degree, particularly in Education.Each state and school district has its own rules for paraprofessional certification, so you should see what your state requires. However, many require that paraprofessionals complete an aptitude test (like ETS’s ParaPro exam) to certify that these educators meet a minimum standard.How Much Do Paraprofessionals Get Paid?According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, paraprofessionals earn a medi an salary of $25,410 per year. This can vary according to location, and paraprofessionals who are multilingual, or who specialize in areas like special needs or special education, can earn more as well.What’s the Outlook for Paraprofessionals?While education changes constantly, some parts of it never do- there will always be a need for qualified teaching professionals to assist in classrooms and work with students. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts that the field will grow by about 6% by 2024- about the average for all occupations.Becoming a paraprofessional is a great option if you’re just figuring out whether you want to work in education in the long term, or if you know you want to be an educator but just aren’t ready to complete the education and certification required of teachers. Being an educator is one of the most challenging and rewarding paths you can choose, and if you think it just might be your calling, becoming a paraprofessional could b e your ideal first step.

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Business Report of Coca-cola Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business Report of Coca-cola - Coursework Example On the other hand, the internal functions of environmental reporting include to establish or revise or review existing environmental policies, objectives, and programs of organizations and to motivate the management and employees in organizations so as to encourage environmental activities of them. There is a general consensus that excellent environment report should explicitly acknowledge and explain environmental impacts that arise as a result of organizations operations and products and should further demonstrate the commitment of organizations to reduce such environmental impacts by publicly disclosing its policies, targets and long-term objectives (ACCA, 2010). This paper explores environmental reporting in companies with Coca Cola as a case study. Environmental Reporting in Coca Cola Company Coca Cola Company is the largest beverage company in the world and it responsible for the production of more than 500 brands of beverages that refreshes its consumers. Coca-Cola Company pro duces sparkling beverages, ready-to-drink coffees, juices ant juice drinks. The most popular and major beverage brands that are produced by the Coca Cola company include Coca-Cola, diet coke, fanta, sprite, coca-cola zero, vitamin water, powerade, minute maid, simply, Georgia and del valle (Coca-Cola-Enterprises., 2012). Coca Cola Company currently operates in more than 200 countries and has established markets across the world. The increasing sensitivity and awareness towards social and environmental issues and the concerns of stakeholders has prompted companies to enhance their images by endeavoring to become better corporate citizens and Coca Cola has not been left out in this trend. It is evident that Coca Cola Company has a wide array of stakeholders who have influence and interests on the company due to its global presence inn terms of market share and operations. Since the stakeholders are diverse and posses different interests and influence, any engagement and interactions t hat Coca Cola Company has with the stakeholders has the potential of shaping its current market share and future investment. The role that such stakeholders play has prompted Coca Cola Company to adopt environmental sustainability reporting as part of its strategic management goals. Another key feature that has caused Coca Cola Company to adopt environmental reporting is the economic, social and environmental impacts that are associated with the operations of the firm (Cross & Miller, 2009). There exist direct and indirect environmental impacts that originate from the operation of Coca Cola Company business. Examples of direct environmental impacts that are associated with Coca Cola business include greenhouse house gas emissions that emanate from the manufacturing site and distribution chain, emissions from cool drinks equipment, consumption of water and waste disposal from manufacturing site (Coca-Cola Company, 2011). The type of environmental reporting Company adopts is based on the guidelines that are given by the United Nations Global Compact framework. Environmental Reporting Strategies and Systems